How the change in season impacts the equine microbiome
As we transition from autumn to winter, our equines can experience a wide range of physical, metabolic and mental challenges that can cause microbial stress within their hindgut microbiome.
A few examples of these changes include increased time spent stabled, temperature fluctuations, change in daily routine and adjustments to the diet due of changing energy requirements. While many of these are unavoidable, it is important to be mindful of the negative impact they can have on the stability of the microbiome within the hindgut. If not adequately supported, this can lead to a state known as hindgut dysbiosis.
In a healthy horse, the hindgut hosts a balanced ecosystem of microbes, including bacteria, fungi and protozoa, which play a crucial role in digesting fibrous materials, synthesizing vitamins, supporting the immune system, and maintaining overall metabolic health (among other functions).
Microbial dysbiosis is an imbalance in this microbiome, where the natural diversity and population of the microbes are disrupted. When dysbiosis occurs, the microorganisms that produce beneficial metabolites will decrease in number, while other opportunistic or pathogenic microorganisms can proliferate – some of which produce lactic acid – which can lead to digestive issues and, in turn, negative systemic effects.
Let’s take a closer look at some of the ways seasonal changes can negatively impact the gut:
Temperature Fluctuations and Grass Quality
Cold weather, particularly frosty mornings, alters the sugar content of grass. Higher sugar levels can result in the proliferation of amylolytic microbes, which produce lactic acid. This shift suppresses (decreases) fibrolytic microbes responsible for fibre digestion, reducing the production of beneficial metabolites needed for bodily functions.
Increased Feeding Rate of Preserved Forages
Winter feeding often involves more preserved forages, such as hay or haylage, which can vary significantly in nutrient quality from batch to batch. These variations, along with the potential presence of mycotoxins, can destabilize the microbial population and allow opportunistic pathogens to proliferate and compromise gut health.
Increased Stabling Time and Stress
Horses spend more time stabled during winter, which can increase stress levels and elevate cortisol. High cortisol levels negatively affect gut microbes, adding strain on the digestive system. This is also linked to a higher risk of developing ulcers due to prolonged stress.
Increased Metabolic Energy Requirements
With cooler temperatures, horses require more metabolic energy to maintain core body temperature and body condition, leading to an increase in feeding frequency or quantities of concentrate feed. However, care must be taken to avoid overloading the digestive tract’s capacity, as this can lead to digestive disturbances.
Consistency is key
Supporting the microbiome during winter is essential to maintaining stability in the hindgut and preventing the onset of metabolic and digestive issues. Those who care for horses can take steps to support them through this transition to their winter routine and reduce any negative impacts. Where possible, changes to training routine and turnout time should be made gradually.
When it comes to the diet, changing between batches of forage or increasing concentrate intakes, ensure that any changes to feeding are made slowly over time. Monitor your horses carefully for signs of hindgut dysbiosis, which can include diarrhoea, weight loss, poor appetite and sensitivity around the girth and abdomen/ flanks.
For more information about how Phileo products might help your horse, please get in touch.
